Thoracic outlet syndrome (TOS) is a condition in which there is compression of the nerves, arteries, or veins in the passageway from the lower neck to the armpit. Usually, extrinsic factors are responsible for the symptoms of TOS, but an aneurysm of the subclavian artery can also trigger TOS. Intrinsic factors, such as activities that […]
Several guidelines recommend an exercise stress test to further clarify results. This is because an asymptomatic arterial lesion in the lower limbs may become symptomatic after induced stress. Essentially, the procedure is used to differentiate between vascular disorders and their severity. Exercise stress tests can be performed in different ways together with TOPP, PVR or […]
Optical Arterial Pressure is a measurement method to determine systolic blood pressure in either finger or toes. The Trans-Atlantic Inter-Society Consensus Document on Management of Peripheral Arterial Disease (TASC) recommends the determination of the systolic toe pressure for diagnosis of CLI (critical limb ischemia). It is also valuable in assessment of severe peripheral artery disease, […]
Similar to the pneumatic Pulse Volume Recording (PVR), oscillations of the pulse waves can be recorded using optical photoplethysmography (PPG) sensors. By emitting infrared light, these probes can detect variations in the microcirculatory blood flow of the digits and toes. PPG probes are applied by attaching them with adhesive rings to the measurement area on […]
TOPP-ABI includes simultaneous automated oscillometric ABI and PWI determination together with the systolic tissue optical perfusion pressure (TOPP) at the far end of microperfusion at the toe in a single-shot process. This standardized technique provides a new insight into foot artery and micro-hemodynamics on top of routine ABI measurements. “Critical limb ischemia with consecutive foot […]
Pulse Volume Recording describes a further development of the traditional Oscillography measurement principle. By applying and inflating pneumatic measurement cuffs on specific positions of the extremities, like upper arms, wrists, thighs, calf, ankles, fingers or toes, the system can detect the pressure changes caused by the blood flow. Modern devices are sensitive enough to record […]